Storm Born Chapter Fifteen Free Essays

string(54) Her fingertips touched my cheek, frigid cold however gentle. I don’t care how old you get or how extreme you are. Nothing, nothing by any means, can ever supplant your mom dealing with you when you’re wiped out. The vibe of a cool, wet material contacted my head, and the sound of recognizable murmuring scarcely entered my exhausted mind. We will compose a custom exposition test on Tempest Born Chapter Fifteen or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now I opened my eyes and saw a similar entertaining formed bits of daylight cast through my blinds onto the room roof. Just this time, their positions had changed, their hues dimmer and darker orange. The murmuring suddenly halted. â€Å"Eugenie?† â€Å"Mom,† I croaked. My throat felt torn and crude. She moved into my field of vision, face drawn with stress. I couldn’t trust it. She looked on the whole ordinary. Her hair had somewhat of a breeze cleared look, and I could see a couple of wounds. Other than that, she appeared to be, dislike she’d just persevered through a paranormal assault and resulting mystically initiated bedlam. For one minute, I scrutinized my own recollections. Had I envisioned what was the deal? Had it been a stunt or a dream? No. I felt like poop. No dream could have caused this torment. â€Å"You’re okay?† I asked dubiously. She gestured. â€Å"Fine. Shouldn't something be said about you?† I probably endeavored to reach the muscles in my body. They instructed me to disregard them the fuck. â€Å"I hurt.† She balanced the material on my head, making it partially increasingly great. As she hung more than, a lock of her hair slipped forward, and I made out sloppy fingerprints on her neck. No. Unquestionably not my creative mind. â€Å"I called Roland. He was up in Flagstaff with Bill. He’s on his way back now †ought to be here in two or three hours.† â€Å"Mom†¦how’d you recover?† â€Å"What do you mean?† â€Å"You were truly wrecked from those spirits. Don’t you remember?† â€Å"I got somewhat stirred up yet nothing more regrettable. Not at all like you.† She scowled, giving a little murmur. â€Å"God, how I wish you were a legal counselor. Or then again perhaps a pharmacist.† â€Å"What do you recall happening?† â€Å"Not much,† she conceded. â€Å"I recollect following one of those†¦creatures. From that point onward, it’s a haze. I more likely than not terrified. Your family room is, uh, going to require some help.† I shut my eyes, feeling tired. My parlor would most likely should be destroyed and reconstructed without any preparation. No telling how the remainder of the house had fared. It could presumably crumple at any second. My room really looked sort of ordinary. A couple of things were thumped over, presumably losses of stray whirlwinds. â€Å"You’ve got individuals here who need to see you.† I opened my eyes. â€Å"Who?† â€Å"No one I know. A man and a woman.† â€Å"Is the man a fox?† She gazed at me, befuddled. â€Å"A fox? He’s extremely attractive, truly, in any case, sweetie†¦maybe I ought to send them away. You don’t sound like you’re better yet.† â€Å"No, no, let me converse with them.† I had an inclination the missing bits of what had occurred during and after the tempest lay with Kiyo. â€Å"And I have to converse with them†¦alone.† My mom looked hurt. â€Å"It’s not close to home. It’s business.† She began to contend, at that point shook her head and held up. â€Å"I’ll go get them.† While she was gone, I challenged a rushed evaluation of my appearance. I was still in my clothing and nightgown. The top specifically was torn and messy. I pulled the spreads up nearly to my neck and ran a hand over my hair and face. I could feel increasingly earth on my skin in addition to a scab on my cheek, remotely helping me to remember a shard of something flying out and cutting me. My hair stood out all over. I endeavored to smooth it down, however then my mother came back with Kiyo and an odd lady. â€Å"I’ll be in the kitchen on the off chance that you need me,† Mom said defensively. She pulled the entryway shut behind her, everything except a break. Kiyo’s face revealed to me all I had to think about the manner in which I looked. â€Å"You should see the other guy,† I said. A little grin broke over his face. â€Å"I did. He’s in pieces in the other room.† â€Å"Oh.† He coaxed to the lady. â€Å"Eugenie, this is Maiwenn, sovereign of the Willow Land.† I began in shock. She didn’t appear as though a Willow Queen. Obviously, I’m not certain what precisely I expected †perhaps something much the same as Glinda the Good Witch. However, this lady looked like Surfer Girl Barbie. Her skin shined with a profound bronze tan. Bleach fair hair fell in supermodel waves to her abdomen. Her eyes were the shade of the ocean in the sun, blue-green with long lashes. She wore a basic blue dress, somewhat antiquated however nothing that shouted, â€Å"I’m a pixie queen.† It was looser than the perfectly sized outfits other upper class ladies appeared to support yet was still very beautiful. My sentiments of insufficiency about my appearance expanded ten times. â€Å"Nice to meet you,† I said. I could hear the uncertainty in my voice. Kiyo may pledge to her character, yet I despite everything hauled a great deal of dread around the upper class, ruler or no. â€Å"And you,† she said. Her voice was rich and sweet, her face quiet. â€Å"I’m sorry I was unable to mend you too.† â€Å"‘Too’? Oh†¦was it you? Did you recuperate my mom? She doesn’t recall anything†¦.† She gestured. â€Å"I didn’t have the ability to recuperate you both. She was all the more seriously harmed, and with your age and endurance †and your blood †well, I thought you’d have a simpler time recovering.† I pondered the a throbbing painfulness shooting through my body. Simpler? That may be an abstract term. â€Å"You settled on the correct decision. Much appreciated. I’ll be fine.† Kiyo stuffed his hands in his pockets and inclined toward the divider. â€Å"Eugenie doesn’t like to concede shortcoming. It’s one of her all the more beguiling traits.† I gave him a glare, and Maiwenn offered a little, well mannered grin. â€Å"Nothing amiss with that.† She moved toward me and broadened a hand toward my face. â€Å"I think I have enough quality for a little mending. May I?† I gestured, not so much sure what I was consenting to. Her fingertips touched my cheek, frosty virus however delicate. A shiver went through me, and she stepped back, abruptly looking pale and tired. Kiyo began to help her when she faltered, yet she waved him off. â€Å"There. No scarring this way.† My fingers inspected the spot she had contacted. No more scab. â€Å"Thank you.† Silence fell, and I looked from up close and personal. With me in bed and them staying nearby so coolly, I didn’t truly feel like I was having a gathering with a true blue sovereign. It was all so casual. â€Å"What happened?† They traded unsure looks. â€Å"We’re not so much sure,† he said. â€Å"You and your mom were both oblivious. The natural was dead, and your living room†¦it looks sort of bad.† â€Å"But†¦that was it?† His eyebrows rose. â€Å"What more could there be?† â€Å"There was no tempest when you indicated up?† They traded conspiratorial looks once more, and something about their solidarity bothered me. â€Å"Tell us what you remember,† Maiwenn said. I did, beginning with the soul assault and completion with the horrendous tempest. Neither talked when I wrapped up. Kiyo murmured. â€Å"What?† I requested. â€Å"What occurred? You clearly know.† â€Å"It’s complicated.† â€Å"Everything’s convoluted of late. Allow me to figure. It was the enchantment, wasn’t it? Tempest King’s acquired power?† He didn’t answer. She did. â€Å"Yes. It appears it has been passed down after all.† â€Å"Can I stop it? Keep it bolted up so it doesn’t come out again?† â€Å"Not likely. You may have the option to cover it so it isn’t deliberately utilized, but†¦if it’s there, it’s prone to blast out again when your feelings let free. You’ll get a similar sort of tragic outcomes in the event that you don’t figure out how to oversee it.† â€Å"I don’t need it.† I shivered, reviewing that terrible obscurity and fatal lightning. Precariously, I recollected what Volusian had let me know, that grasping my enchantment could secure me and those I cherished. I took a gander at Maiwenn apprehensively, abhorring what I was going to inquire. â€Å"But I don’t need to hurt anybody either. Would you be able to instruct me to utilize it? Or if nothing else control it?† Kiyo’s eyes enlarged. â€Å"Eugenie, no †â€Å" â€Å"What do you anticipate that me should do?† I requested. The demeanor all over reflected what I felt inside. Dislike I need to do this. Be that as it may, you saw what occurred. I devastated my home, and more awful, I about slaughtered my mom. What's more, myself.† He murmured yet didn’t contend. Maiwenn respected him tranquilly. â€Å"She’s right.† â€Å"I know. Be that as it may, I don’t need to like it.† â€Å"I don’t know whether I can show you or not,† she mumbled, turning around to me. â€Å"Your enchantment †storm enchantment †is an exceptionally physical, outward kind of intensity. Mending is progressively inward. Less forceful. A portion of the essentials will be the equivalent, however we’ll presumably need to discover you an instructor with comparable powers.† Like somebody who can call up bits of the earth and tear strongholds separated, I thought. I didn’t offer voice to that. Kiyo and I may be â€Å"friends,† yet I promptly knew he wouldn’t like me drawing near to Dorian. â€Å"Kiyo says you’re against the attack thi

Evaluation of Teaching and Learning Approaches Essay

Distinctive instructing and learning approaches were utilized during the meeting as per the necessity of the exercises. * For wellbeing and security enlistment: Q&A, composing (Task sheet) and talk strategies (more data was given) were utilized. * Effectiveness of the instructing and learning draws near: Learners take an interest in this movement completely and viably. They mentioned to me what they definitely know and what they don’t know yet. By this action they got more data about fire exits, gathering, woman toilets, espresso and the understudy bolster focus in the All Saints working of Worcester College where this meeting was held. No dangers were found in the study hall. * Steps for additional improvement: I accept that encouraging calling consistently has possibility of progress and advancement. In 30mins microteaching meeting, wellbeing and security concerns can be restricted to risks in class and fire exits. * For Ice breaking action: Q&A (Discussion) and free bees (Writing) strategies were utilized. * Effectiveness of the techniques or approaches: Learners were peaceful and glad to share the data about the morning meal they had in that morning. Students likewise chose who had most beneficial breakfast with respect to most noteworthy calories and sustenance. * Steps that can be taken for additional improvement: The inquiry for ice breaking action can bode well that it tends to be all the more obviously identified with the subject of the meeting. * The educating and learning approaches for presentation, clarification and count of the zone: PowerPoint, White board, gifts and Q&A (Discussion) techniques were utilized. * Effectiveness of the methodologies: For presentation of the point, PowerPoint was utilized which was successful in light of the fact that learners’ reaction was extremely positive about it. Students thought that it was extremely intriguing, supportive to comprehend the subject and they studied its suggestions in co mmon life. * Steps for additional improvement: One more video could play to clarify more the theme in better manner. Visual learning helps left their belongings for long time. More PowerPoint clasps can be utilized to make meeting additionally intriguing and progressively useful. * The educating and learning approaches for learn by training: Learners were given work sheet to do the act of what they realized and to discover the zone where they have issues and what they have need to find out additional? * Viability of the methodology: Learners paid attention to this movement. They attempted best to addresses all the inquiries. One student posed the inquiries where she discovered hard to figure the territory. At the consequence of this movement, the learners’ certainty expanded and they discovered their selves better in counts of region. * Steps for additional improvement: Some more inquiries can be included work sheet for more practice to figure the region of square, square shape and triangle. Additional learning helps like boxes of square, square shape and triangle shape can be utilized. * The educating and learning approaches for survey of the meeting: Q&A and assignment sheet (audit freebee structures) used to survey the meeting. * Effectiveness of the methodologies: To survey the meeting by Q&A and by utilizing task sheet was extremely positive to call attention to the regions of educating and realizing which can be improved, particularly learning material can be im proved. In 30mins meeting the educating and learning procedure can be made progressively viable by making the learning material restricted to â€Å"Calculation of the region of square and rectangle†. * Evaluation of the meeting in respect of individual learners’ need. In my meeting no student had singular needs. So there was no compelling reason to make any exceptional game plans to hold the meeting. Word tally: 605

Are shcwann cells useful for repairing spinal cord injuries Research Paper

Are shcwann cells helpful for fixing spinal rope wounds - Research Paper Example The best cells for connect building are Schwann cells, since they are anything but difficult to get from patients and in light of the fact that they bolster immaculate axon recovery (Oudega and Xu, 2006). The main issue is that Schwann cells won't blend in with the connective tissue cells of the spinal line, so the extensions won't incorporate with the spinal rope. Studies are in progress on the best way to Schwann cells communicate with connective tisues cells of the spinal rope and how to get them incorporate. Schwann cells are likewise the cells in fringe nerves that structure myelin sheaths. They are not typically found in the cerebrum or spinal string where another neurological cell, the ogliodendrocyte, is liable for making myelin. Analysts have indicated that Schwann cells joined into the cerebrum can myelinate focal axons (Oudega and Xu, 2006). At the point when the loss of myelin is a significant piece of injury, embedding Schwann cells could invigorate remyelination and in this way reestablish work. Schwann cells, nerve cells and some different cells make proteins known to support nerve cells called development factors. By bringing these elements into injury destinations alone or in mix with joins, scientists would like to animate extra nerve recovery and advance the wellbeing of nerve cells. This methodology has been appeared to animate CNS recovery, including development of axons from nerve cells inside the spinal rope and those from the mind that send their long axons down the spinal string. Noteworthy rebuilding of capacity has not yet been accomplished. Likewise Pieces of Engineered Neural Tissue (EngNT) are shaped by controlling regular Schwann cell conduct in a three-dimensional collagen gel with the goal that the cells extend and adjust, and afterward an adjustment procedure evacuates overabundance liquid to leave hearty fake tissues. These living biomaterials contain adjusted Schwann cells in an adjusted collagen condition, reproducing key highlights of ordinary nerve tissue. Inaccurate

The Insider Secret on Buy a Research Paper Writing Service Revealed

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Biography of King Louis XIV, France’s Sun King

Louis XIV, also known as the Sun King, was the longest-reigning monarch in European history, ruling France for 72 years and 110 days. He was responsible for moving the center of French government to the Palace of Versailles in 1682.   Fast Facts: Louis XIV Known For: King of France, 1643-1715Born: 5 September 1638Died: 1 September 1715Parents: Louis XVIII; Anne of AustriaSpouses: Maria Theresa of Spain (m. 1660; d. 1683); Francoise d’Aubigne, Marquise de Maintenon (m. 1683)Children: Louis, Dauphin of France Louis XIV assumed the throne at the age of five, and he was raised to believe in his divine right to rule. His experience with civil unrest during his childhood simultaneously fostered his desire for a strong France as well as his distaste for the French peasantry. He built a strong central government and expanded France’s borders, but his lavish lifestyle laid the foundation for the French Revolution.   Birth and Early Life Louis XIV’s birth was a surprise. His parents, Louis XIII of France and Anne of Austria, were married when they were both 14, and they strongly disliked each other. Their marriage had produced a series of miscarriages and stillbirths, for which Louis blamed Anne. At the age of 37, Anne gave birth to a son, christened Louis-Dieudonne or Louis, the Gift of God. Two years later, she had a second son, Louis’ brother, Philippe I, Duke of Orleans. Louis XIV, King of France (1638-1715) in his Coronation Robes. Found in the collection of Ambras Castle, Innsbruck. Artist : Egmont, Justus van. Heritage Images / Getty Images Louis was doted on by his mother, and the two built a strong bond. He was raised from birth to believe that he was a gift from God, and it was his divine right to rule France as an absolute monarch. Even in his early years, Louis was charismatic, and he had an aptitude for languages and the arts.   The Sun King Louis’ father died when he was only four, making him Louis XIV, king of France. His mother served as regent with the help of Cardinal Mazarin, but the years were marked by civil unrest. When Louis was 9 years old, members of the parliament in Paris rebelled against the crown, and the royal family was forced to flee to the Chà ¢teau de Saint-Germain-en-Laye. The rebellion and subsequent civil war, known as the Fronde, sparked Louis’ dislike for Paris and his fear of rebellions, impacting his future political decisions. In 1661, Cardinal Mazarin died, and Louis declared himself as the Absolute Monarch to the French parliament, breaking with past French kings.  In Louis’ view, treason wasn’t a crime under the law, but rather a sin against God. He adopted the Sun as the symbol of his monarchy, and he immediately began to centralize control of the government. He developed strict foreign policy while expanding the navy and army, and in 1667 he invaded Holland to claim what he believed to be his wife’s inheritance. Under pressure from the Dutch and the English, he was forced to retreat, though in 1672, he was able to ally with a new English king, Charles II, to conquer territory from the Dutch and expand the size of France. Louis XIV, King of France, by artist Charles le Brun, c1660-c1670. From the Musee du Louvre, Paris. Print Collector / Getty Images Louis appointed those loyal to the crown to government offices to carry out legal and financial matters in the different regions of France. In 1682, he formally moved the center of government from Paris to his palace in Versailles. A staunch Catholic, Louis revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685, which had provided legal protection for French Protestants, causing a mass exodus of Protestants to the Netherlands and England. Marriage and Children Louis’ first significant relationship was with Marie Mancini, the niece of Cardinal Mazarin, but his first marriage was a political union with his first cousin, Maria Theresa of Spain. Though the pair produced six children together, only one survived to adulthood. The relationship was said to have been friendly but never passionate, and Louis took numerous mistresses. Louis’ second wife was Francoise d’Aubigne, a devout Catholic and once governess of Louis’ illegitimate children. Maria Theresa of Spain In 1660, Louis married Maria Theresa, the daughter of Philip IV of Spain. She was his first cousin on his mother’s side, a Spanish princess of the House of Habsburg. The marriage was a political arrangement intended to foster peace and unity between the neighboring countries.Of their six children, only one,  Louis le Grand Dauphin, also known as Monseigneur, survived to adulthood. Though Monseigneur was heir to the throne, Louis XIV outlived both his son and his grandson, passing the throne to his great-grandson at the time of his death. Francoise d’Aubigne, Marquise de Maintenon As the governess to Louis’ illegitimate children, d’Aubigne came into contact with Louis on numerous occasions. She was a widow, known for her piety. The pair was secretly married at Versailles in 1683, never announcing the marriage to the public, though it was a matter of common knowledge. Mistresses and Illegitimate Children Throughout his marriage to his first wife, Maria Theresa, Louis took both official and unofficial mistresses, producing more than a dozen children. He was more faithful to his second wife, Francoise d’Aubigne, likely due to her piety, though the two never had children. The Palace of Versailles As a result of the rebellions he saw in his youth and the subsequent civil war, Louis developed a strong dislike for Paris, and he spent long stretches of time at his father’s hunting lodge in Versailles. During his lifetime, Versailles became Louis’ refuge. A view of the equestrian statue of King Louis XIV in front of the chateau de Versailles on October 30, 2015 in Versailles, France.   Chesnot / Getty Images In 1661, after the death of Cardinal Mazarin, Louis began a massive construction project on Versailles, transforming the lodge into a palace suitable to host the Parisian court. He included the symbol of his monarchy, the sun with his face stamped into its center, as a design element in almost every part of the palace. Louis formally relocated the French seat of government from Paris to Versailles in 1682, though construction continued on the palace until 1689. By isolating political leaders in rural Versailles, Louis strengthened his control over France. Decline and Death Toward the end of his life, Louis faced a series of personal and political disappointments in addition to failing health. The House of Stuart fell in England, and the Protestant William of Orange took the throne, eliminating any chance of continued political association between the countries. Louis XIV also lost a series of battles during the War of Spanish Succession, though he did manage to maintain the territory he had gained in previous decades. Medical journals from the 18th century indicate that Louis faced a myriad of health complications towards the end of his life, including dental abscesses, boils, and gout, and he likely suffered from diabetes. In 1711, Louis XIV’s son, le Grand Dauphin, died, followed by his grandson, le Petit Dauphin in 1712. Louis XIV died on September 1, 1715, from gangrene, passing the crown to his five-year-old great-grandson, Louis XV. Legacy During his lifetime, Louis XIV built an empire, reconstructing the government of France and transforming the country into the dominant European power. He is the most significant example of an absolute monarch during the 17th and 18th centuries, and he built the Palace of Versailles, one of the most famous contemporary historical landmarks in the world. However strong Louis XIV made France to foreign adversaries, he created a stark divide between the nobility and the working classes, isolating the political elite in Versailles and separating the nobility from the common people in Paris. While Louis created a France that was stronger than it had ever been, he unknowingly laid the foundation for the revolution that was to come, a revolution that would see the permanent end to the French monarchy. Sources Berger, Robert W.  Versailles: The Chà ¢teau of Louis XIV. The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1985.Bernier, Olivier. Louis XIV. New World City, Inc., 2018.Cronin, Vincent.  Louis XIV. The Harvill Press, 1990.Horne, Alistair. Seven Ages of Paris: Portrait of a City. Macmillian, 2002. Mitford, Nancy.  The Sun King: Louis XIV at Versailles. New York Review Books, 2012.

An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding By David Hume Essay

Universal Perfect Doesn’t Exist: Genuine Knowledge Means Shift It has been many years, the foundation of all genuine knowledge, whether they are found on experience (empiricism) or they could simply gain from pure reasoning (rationalism) has been the subject of academic debate among scholars. However, we will only focus on the limitation of pure reasoning, compare both David Hume and Rene Descartes’ views of knowledge, and decide whose belief works better to attain genuine knowledge in this paper. In the book â€Å"An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding†, David Hume specifically clarifies on how moral reasoning (induction) works in the knowledge of cause and effect and he shares on its limitation. Accordingly, he writes â€Å"[i]n reality, all arguments from experience are founded on the similarity, which we discover among natural objects, and by which we are induced to expect effects similar to those, which we have found to follow from such objects† (p. 23). Based upon his writing, Hume explains people tend to reason a p articular instance and expect the future outcome depending on their past experiences; they make conclusions with inductive reasoning. However, the induction has the limitation because it doesn t guarantee future instances will resemble previously observed ones. An example of induction argument: Previously, the temperature of mid-summer in California has been always above 100 degrees Fahrenheit. Therefore, the temperature of mid-summer in California will always beShow MoreRelatedAn Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding By David Hume914 Words   |  4 PagesDavid Hume, the Scottish empiricism philosopher who endorses on all knowledge is obtained from sense-experience and he practices moderate skepticism for his entire academic life. Hume’s moderate skepticism refers to abduction today in which it means inference to the best explanation. To it another way, he means credible belief is possible and genuine knowledge could be inaccurate. In the â€Å"section IV- Sceptical Doubts concerning the Operation of the Understanding† part two of the book â€Å"An EnquiryRead MoreAn Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding By David Hume2287 Words   |  10 PagesIn Section IV of An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding by David Hume, Hume provides argument that will outline that any conclusions about the future based on past experience are limited to being just probable suppositions, because all arguments that claim to know the future impacts of an object’s â€Å"secret powers† (Hume 21) are based in assumption. By â€Å"secret powers† (Hume 21), Hume means those abilities of an object, such as a loaf of bread, to â€Å"support†¦ a human body.† (Hume 21) The bases for Hume’sRead More Enquiries Concerning Human Understanding by David Hume Essay1279 Words   |  6 Pagesof thought in the human mind, and many different reasons for this origin have been put forth. As a philosopher, it is only fitting that Hume would propose his own framework for human thinking. For Hume, perceptions are developed either as the understanding of the outside world, or as recollections of these events or alterations of these memories within the mind ¹. This distinction is important, as it allows Hum e to differentiate perceptions as true or false notions. With this, Hume puts forward hisRead MoreIn An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding by David Hume, the idea of miracles is introduced.1300 Words   |  6 PagesIn An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding by David Hume, the idea of miracles is introduced. Hume’s argument is that there is no rational reason for human beings to believe in miracles, and that it is wrong to have miracles as the building blocks for religion. It is because the general notion of miracles come from the statement of others who claim to have seen them, Hume believes that there is no way to prove that those accounts are accurate, because they were not experienced first-hand. In orderRead MoreAn Inquiry Into Human Enquiry1228 Words   |  5 Pagesinto Human Enquiry In An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, David Hume argues for the division of human enquiry into two types: relations of ideas and matters of fact. Relations of ideas are certain and may be found through only thinking, while matters of fact are uncertain and depend on the world around us (Hume 18-19). I will argue in this paper that Hume’s view on human enquiry is conceivable but that there remain some reasons to doubt the accuracy of his categorization. Hume arguesRead More Cause and Effect in David Hume’s An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding851 Words   |  4 PagesCause and Effect in David Hume’s An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding In An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, David Hume states, â€Å"there is not, in any single, particular instance of cause and effect, any thing which can suggest the idea of power or necessary connexion† (Hume, 1993: 41). Hume establishes in section II that all ideas originate from impressions that employ the senses (11). Therefore, in order for there to be an idea of power or â€Å"necessary connexion,† thereRead MoreDefending Hard Determinism Against the Strongest Objections Raised Against It1161 Words   |  5 Pagesand defined description of both hard determinism and its eventual nemesis indeterminism. Based on these definitions there will be a personal attempt at denying hard determinism. This will be accomplished through the introduction of David Hume and his radical philosophy on causality and the relation this may have on hard determinism, as well as the various possibilities it may distinguish. Furthermore the Causal Principle will also be introduced and slandered in its incapabilityRead More Comparing Knowledge in Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy and Hume’s An Enquiry Concerning876 Words   |  4 PagesComparing Knowledge in Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy and Hume’s An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Rationalists would claim that knowledge comes from reason or ideas, while empiricists would answer that knowledge is derived from the senses or impressions. The difference between these two philosophical schools of thought, with respect to the distinction between ideas and impressions, can be examined in order to determine how these schools determine the sourceRead MoreEssay on David Humes Theory of Knowledge858 Words   |  4 Pagesbelonged to David Hume, a Scottish philosopher. Hume was born on April 26, 1711, as his family’s second son. His father died when he was an infant and left his mother to care for him, his older brother, and his sister. David Hume passed through ordinary classes with great success, and found an early love for literature. He lived on his family’s estate, Ninewells, near Edinburgh. Throughout his life, literature consumed his thoughts, and his life is little more than his works. By the age of 40, David HumeRead MoreDescartes and H ume: A Look at Skepticism and Finding Stability915 Words   |  4 PagesMeditations on First Philosophy, Descartes concludes that in order to achieve this stability, he must start at the foundations for all of his opinions and find the basis of doubt in each of them. David Hume, however, holds a different position on skepticism in his work An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding, for he criticizes Descartes’ claim because â€Å"‘it is impossible,’† (qtd. in Cottingham 35). Both philosophers show distinct reasoning in what skepticism is and how it is useful in finding stability

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Essay Example For Students

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Essay The US is seeking to extend the duty-free status of international onlinetransactions to protect the development of global electronic commerce, theClinton administration said yesterday. Susan Esserman, deputy US traderepresentative, said the US wanted the World Trade Organization to agree atthe earliest possible date to extend the current moratorium on customs dutiesIn testimony to the Senate foreign relations sub-committee on Europe, MsEsserman said duty-free cyberspace was particularly valuable to US softwarecompanies that were seeking to distribute their products electronically. The US is also looking for WTO members to affirm that electronic commerce issubject to existing rules and agreements, and should not face unnecessaryregulatory barriers to trade. However Ms Esserman said more time and workare necessary before electronic goods could be subject to finalElectronic commerce in the US is forecast to grow to $1,300bn by 2003, whilein India it is expected to grow by $15bn within two years. Richard Wolffe,Protectionism, it seems, is always with us and it is useful to examine theintermittent attempts made to establish rules for its containment. This bookis one such examination, on the conception, birth, and early years of theGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT); it is restricted to the years194053. It is the work of an historian but one at the political, rather thaneconomic, end of the spectrum. The heavy emphasis throughout is on theAmerican role within an essentially Anglo-American tussle. The argument isthat although trade was a relatively small p roportion of US output it was usedfor political and diplomatic purposes. The general thrust is that the US waskeen on a new liberal order and determined to break the British empirespreferential trading arrangements. However, when we read that the centralargument is that, by liberalizing trade while protecting domestic economies a bargain consistent with US trade law, practice, and history , wemight reasonably expect to be in for a roc ky ride. Politics is important and possibly even central in the process of tradeprotection, but will always be found to depend on economic forces. Thepolitics here might well be overdone. The whole story is presented as astruggle between the US and Britain/British empire. Although this tension isan old story, Zeiler takes it further and argues that the Commonwealth had amajor hand in shaping the GATT order (p.197). It is a complex story ofnegotiations taking place under conditions of extreme difficulty, and theauthor has worked diligently in the American, British and Commonwealth countryThere is, however, a lot that raises the eyebrows of the economic historian. Within a few lines of the opening we read that, global business leaders seek a commercial regime unfettered by barriers. This is rather theantithesis of the conventional understanding of businessmen almost invariably(and nowhere more so than in the US), seeking protection. And running againstthe conventional view (without seemingly noticing) is the idea that America isthe home and inspiration of free trade. The British in the 1930s opted for,Regulated, rather than American style market, capitalism (p.20). Oragain, Free trade frightened the British (p.39). And richest of all, TheBritish simply would not accept the free trade doctrine (p.24). Zeilersuggests that free trade was key to the American economy ignoring the factthat America had been one of the most protectionist countries for most of itshistory. This is unfortunate and results in a distortion of the argument, forof the GATT negotiations Zeiler say s the British were not willing partners inpursuit of lower trade barriers. At certain times that may have been true butit did not derive from long-te rm hostility. Nevertheless, in the closing pagesof the book the author does concede that the US was no unilateral free trader. .u410afae93ff2f6ea2e3d1217af9f7d33 , .u410afae93ff2f6ea2e3d1217af9f7d33 .postImageUrl , .u410afae93ff2f6ea2e3d1217af9f7d33 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u410afae93ff2f6ea2e3d1217af9f7d33 , .u410afae93ff2f6ea2e3d1217af9f7d33:hover , .u410afae93ff2f6ea2e3d1217af9f7d33:visited , .u410afae93ff2f6ea2e3d1217af9f7d33:active { border:0!important; } .u410afae93ff2f6ea2e3d1217af9f7d33 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u410afae93ff2f6ea2e3d1217af9f7d33 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u410afae93ff2f6ea2e3d1217af9f7d33:active , .u410afae93ff2f6ea2e3d1217af9f7d33:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u410afae93ff2f6ea2e3d1217af9f7d33 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u410afae93ff2f6ea2e3d1217af9f7d33 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u410afae93ff2f6ea2e3d1217af9f7d33 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u410afae93ff2f6ea2e3d1217af9f7d33 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u410afae93ff2f6ea2e3d1217af9f7d33:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u410afae93ff2f6ea2e3d1217af9f7d33 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u410afae93ff2f6ea2e3d1217af9f7d33 .u410afae93ff2f6ea2e3d1217af9f7d33-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u410afae93ff2f6ea2e3d1217af9f7d33:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Truth vs. Lie EssayRunning alongside this idiosyncratic view is an account of the British economythat is surely at odds with the facts. It is a picture of pathetic feebleness:Great Britain faced a future of decline and hardship. Its once predominantglobal position lay in tatters (p.2O). Their economy was in a shambles While the book is well written there is a danger of the story being presentedin overly dramatic terms (hinted at in the title), and at times a frivolousand dismissive tone creeps in From his perch in the Treasury Department,Keynes . And there are occasional lapses in accuracy such as that theCommonwealth had moved to a discriminatory

Tensile test of aluminum and mild steel free essay sample

Tensile tests are fundamental for understanding properties of different materials, and how they will behave under load. These properties can be used for design and analysis of engineering structures, and for developing new Materials that better suit a specified use. This lab tested two materials mild steel and cast iron. The data from each test was used to determine valuable material properties such as ultimate tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and yield strength. Other calculated properties included true fracture strength, percent reduction of area, and percent elongation. These material properties were used to define the material as brittle or ductile. INTRODUCTION: Mechanical testing plays an important role in evaluating fundamental properties of engineering materials as well as in developing new materials and in controlling the quality of materials for use in design and construction. If a material is to be used as part of an engineering structure that will be subjected to a load, it is important to know that the material is strong enough and rigid enough to withstand the loads that it will experience in service. We will write a custom essay sample on Tensile test of aluminum and mild steel or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a result engineers have developed a number of experimental techniques for mechanical testing of engineering materials subjected to tension, compression, bending or torsion loading. The most common type of test used to measure the mechanical properties of a material is the Tension Test. Tension test is widely used to provide a basic design information on the strength of materials and is an acceptance test for the specification of materials. The major parameters that describe the stress-strain curve obtained during the tension test are the tensile strength (UTS), yield strength or yield point (ÏÆ'y), elastic modulus (E), percent elongation (∆L%) and the reduction in area (RA%). Toughness, Resilience, Poisson’s ratio(ÃŽ ½ ) can also be found by the use of this testing technique. In this test, a specimen is prepared suitable for gripping into the jaws of the testing machine type that will be used. The specimen used is approximately uniform over a gage length (the length within which elongation measurements are done). Tensile specimens are machined from the material to be tested in the desired orientation and according to the standards. The cross section of the specimen is usually round, square or rectangular. For metals, a piece of sufficient thickness can be obtained so that it can be easily machined, a round specimen is commonly used. For sheet and plate stock, a flat specimen is usually employed. The change in the gage length of the sample as pulling proceeds is measured from either the change in actuator position (stroke or overall change in length) or a sensor attached to the sample (called an extensometer). A tensile load is applied to the specimen until it fractures. During the test, the load required to make a certain elongation on the material is recorded. A load elongation curve is plotted by an x-y recorder, so that the tensile behavior of the material can be obtained. An engineering stress-strain curve can be constructed from this load-elongation curve by making the required calculations. Then the mechanical parameters that we search for can be found by studying on this curve. Engineering Stress is obtained by dividing the load by the original area of the cross section of the specimen. Stress ÏÆ' = P/Ao ( Load/Initial cross-sectional area) Strain = e = ∆l/lo (Elongation/Initial gage length) Engineering stress and strain are independent of the geometry of the specimen. ELASTIC REGION: The part of the stress-strain curve up to the yielding point.Elastic deformation is recoverable. In the elastic region, stress and strain are related to each other linearly. Hooke’s Law: ÏÆ' = Ee The linearity constant E is called the elastic modulus which is specific foreach type of material. Yield Strength is the stress level at which plastic deformation starts. The beginning of first plastic deformation is called yielding. It is an important parameter in design. The stress at which plastic deformation or yielding is observed to begin depends on the sensitivity of the strain measurements. With most materials there is a gradual transition from elastic to plastic behavior, and the point at which plastic deformation begins is hard to define with precision. Various criteria for thevinitiation of yielding are used depending on the sensitivity of the strain measurements and the intended use of the data. 0,2% off-set method is a commonly used method to determine the yield stength. ÏÆ'y(0.2%) is found by drawing a parallel line to the elastic region and the point at which this line intersects with the stressstrain curve is set as the yielding point. An illustration of 0,2% off-set method is shown in the appendix part. Plastic Region: The part of the stress-strain diagram after the yielding point. At the yielding point, the plastic deformation starts. Plastic deformation is permanent. At the maximum point of the stress-strain diagram (ÏÆ' UTS), necking starts. Tensile Strength is the maximum stress that the material can support. ÏÆ'UTS = Pmax/Ao Because the tensile strength is easy to determine and is a quite reproducible property, it is useful for the purposes of specifications and for quality control of a product. Extensive empirical correlations between tensile strength and properties such as hardness and fatigue strength are often quite useful. For brittle materials, the tensile strength is a valid criterion for design. Ductility is the degree of plastic deformation that a material can withstand before fracture. A material that experiences very little or no plastic deformation upon fracture is termed brittle. In general, measurements of ductility are of interest in three ways: 1. To indicate the extent to which a metal can be deformed without fracture in metalworking operations such as rolling and extrusion. 2. To indicate to the designer, in a general way, the ability of the metal to flow plastically before fracture. 3. To serve as an indicator of changes in impurity level or processing conditions. Ductility measurements may be specified to assess material quality even though no direct relationship exists between the ductility measurement and performance in service. Ductility can be expressed either in terms of percent elongation (z) or percent reduction in area (q) ; z = %∆l = [(lf-lo)/lo]*100 q = %RA = [(Ao-Af)/Ao]*100 Resilience is the capacity of a material to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically. Toughness is a measure of energy required to cause fracture. Poisson’s Ratio is the lateral contraction per unit breadth divided by the longitudinal extension per unit length. ÃŽ ½ =-( ∆d/do)/(∆l/lo)

Personal preferences Essays

Personal preferences Essays Personal preferences Paper Personal preferences Paper Be considered as an individual, to be listened to and have their wishes and feelings taken into account when decisions are made concerning their welfare A child care and education worker should focus on an individual childs personality as a relationship is built up, not ethnicity, religion or background. They should also promote a broad range of cultures, religions and beliefs by valuing and exploring differences with children in their care. Childrens sense of belonging to their culture is very important part of their lives and needs to be acknowledged and valued. Any personal preferences and prejudices must be put aside; all children should be treated with respect and dignity irrespective of their ethnic origin, religion or socio-economic group. Bruce and Meggitt (2002) Children pick up attitudes and morals from watching others and view the C. C. E. W. as a role model. A good C. C. E. W. would consider the cultural differences and practices before jumping to conclusions about a situation (e. g. beat in British terms would mean forceful hitting, but in Caribbean it means smack). Also, the role of the C. C. E. W. would be very important in dealing with any negative incidents promptly. Actions and words mentioned by the adults around the children could have lasting effects on the development of self-esteem, which shows that, Early Years Practitioners have a strong role in promoting equal opportunities within their settings they need to make sure every child feels valued and also that children learn to value and respect others Tassoni (2002) A child care and education student should be a good role model for children to see. Personal beliefs, attitudes and prejudices should not discriminate against children or families. All skin colours should be portrayed in a positive way. The student should offer to expand childrens learning opportunities through knowledge and understanding of the world, food, music, language etc. Questions regarding suitability of activities for all children should be asked before carrying them out, encouraging cooperation and pleasantness through interactions with children. The student should look out for ways to value all children, trying not favour one child over another, promoting positive self images in children from all family backgrounds and encourage caring attitudes. Questions from children regarding race, culture or religion should be answered honestly using appropriate language. A culture, religion, language or lifestyle should not be promoted as superior to another; however a childs first language should be respected.

Letter to my son Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Letter to my son - Essay Example Your dad and I decided to visit the subway for something to eat and as soon as we were done, he moved to another store, as I was moving out of the subway. While moving out, I tried to call your dad to establish his location, and that was when you announced your arrival. It was thirty minutes past noon, and I was rushed to the hospital by your dad. What your father and I underwent in the whole process was not only challenging but also unbearable. The moment you were delivered and placed on my arms, we both cried tears of joy. Your birth was the most cherished moment of our lives. Everybody in the family was happy for having you as a gift from God. I can recall that day when you were born was a Jewish holiday, Rosh Hashanah and we named you Nathaniel meaning a gift from God. At birth, you resembled your uncle Radik very much, and people started referred to you as ‘mini-radik’ but as days went by, you again begun to resemble your aunt Emily. You also had large eyes and long lashes like me. Your changes because of physical development always made my heart melt with joy plus the numerous smiles from when excited. Even though am not sure if I have been a great mother to you, but you were a blessing to me. You were always my reason for happiness as well as a happy marriage with your dad. As days passed by things begun to get difficult and at times I found myself with hard and straining tasks. The non-stop crying since you wanted to feed within a three-hour period, how you dirtied yourself; as a result either urine, excreta or vomit and your refusal to suck when being breastfed. When breastfed you only held to the breast without sucking, you were too lazy. This shocked several people including the lactation consultant and he advised that the milk had to be put in the mouth for one to can drink. The most devastating of all times came when you were sick. We had to see the Doctor severally from when you were

Lack of Water in Zambia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Lack of Water in Zambia - Essay Example Further, most of the activities that man has undertaken require water to the extent that water may form a part of the energy production through electricity. However, the wider concept remains on whether a majority of the world population has access to clean water rather than water for any other designated purpose. On the contrary, economic analysts have foreseen water becoming the next sought after commodity after oil due to scarcity especially in arid areas of the world. Essentially, an arid land region is one characterized by intense water shortages that tend to facilitate slow development and nurturing of plant cover or animal life. Tentatively, they are mostly desert areas that surround the equator and commonly present in Africa. Subsequently, the purpose of this report will delve on the assessment of practical techniques for providing clean water to arid regions like Zambia. 2. Current situation in Zambia By 2010, a shocking 61% of the Zambian population had privileged access to improved water supply sources while 48% of the same population had access to sanitary options. Further, the challenges in water supply and access tended to vary depending on whether the population was in an urban setting or whether in rural places (Mc Intyre, 2012: 90). For instance, a UN survey indicated that at least 87% of the urban settler had access to water while only 48% of those residing in rural settings had access to the same. Additionally, access to water in the Zambian urban population indicates that 41% had running water or house connection while a significant 49% accessed water through water kiosks or vendors. Over time, the number of those accessing water through water kiosks has been on a steady increase trend while that of those enjoying house connections has been plummeting. However, the Zambian council for water and sanitation insist that the country has achieved water provision as a millennium development focus, but sanitation has proved elusive (Mutale, 2004). As many would say, lack of clean drinking water presents a number of significant implications that are mostly social especially for women and girls, a situation that is no different in Zambia. In turn, this raises the poverty levels within Zambia. 3. Consequences of water shortages in Zambia Annual precipitation levels in Zambia The graph above show the effect of percentage of class attendance throughout the year due to water shortage Arguably, the declining rainfall in the Zambian republic forms the basic reason as to why the country has continued to experience water scarcity. Two organization echo this sentiment, which are the System Network for Famine Early Warning and the world bank where they insist that the trend is worrying. Moreover, Zambia is a nation that has no access to the sea hence rendering this state as a landlocked country in the South African region. These two factors have facilitated the nation to have food insecurity as their government may not assure the over th irteen million Zambians with adequate food. According to water aid organization present in Zambia, for every three people, two have no access to clean water nor sanitation facilities. In turn, this has influenced the mortality rates for children within this country to be at an alarming ten thousand children annually. Ideally, the children tend to suffer from diarrhea and other sanitation related diseases like cholera, bilharzia among many others (Waters, 2008). These diseases tend to be water borne and treatable but access to quality health care facilitates an increase in the mortality rates. Sequentially, children and infants become prime victims of these

Environmental Pollution Essay Example for Free

Environmental Pollution Essay Environmental pollution is the biggest menace to the human race on this planet today. It means adding impurity to environment. The environment consists of earth, water, air, plants and animals. If we pollute them, then the existence of man and nature will be hampered. It is true that trees are being cut down rapidly. Our earth is becoming warmer. If pollution continues, the day is not far when our earth will be a boiling pan and become a desert. Or it will be covered with sea water causing destruction of mankind. Pure air is always needed for inhaling. If we take pure air, our health improves. On the other hand impure air causes diseases and impairs our health and causes our death. Smoke pollutes the air. It is the root of air pollution. The smoke which is discharged from industries, automobiles and kitchens is the mixture of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane etc. These are all poisonous gases. These cause lung-cancer, tuberculosis etc. which take a heavy toll of life. The glaring incident is the Bhopal gas leak in December 1984. Thousands of the residents of Bhopal died due to lungs problem which was caused by methylamine gas from the Union Carbide Plant. The garbage emitting foul smell, the decaying plants and animals also cause air pollution. Hence the doctors advise the patients having lungs trouble to settle in some rural places because the air of villages is pure and free from population. Then comes sound pollution. The harsh sounds of buses, its, mopeds etc. affect our power of hearing and causes fart trouble. It has been reported that there are two villages named Biraspalli and Devadas Palli near Dum Dum airport m Calcutta where a large number of people have lost their power of hearing. This is because of the frequent sounds of planes coming in and going out of Dum Dum Airport. The evils of sound pollution can be imagined from this example. The water of rivers and seas is being constantly polluted all over the world by various dangerous chemical and biological wastes. Mills and factories discharge very harmful waste waters into many rivers and sea. The water of the Ganges flowing by the side of both Varanashi and Calcutta is extremely polluted and contains all sorts of dangerous bacteria. It is really very strange and laughable that large number of the Indians regard this water as holy. They even drink this water for salvation. There is no doubt that the fish that grow in such waters are poisonous too. Reckless application of chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides pollutes the soil. Vegetables and fruits are quite injurious today, because they contain the poison of insecticides and pesticides. If the air we breathe, the water we drink and the soil which produces our crops, vegetables and fruits, all become more and more impure, then our chances of good health and longevity will be very less and less. Environment pollution is a serious menace to our existence. Realising the danger, we must plant trees in large number to absorb impure air. Impure water from industries can be sent back for purification and then it can be used for irrigation purpose. Our government is well aware of the fact and is taking steps to save environment from pollution. We have also I minister to look after the environment.

Ancient Greeks :: essays research papers

Hesiod: Works and Days, c. 750 BC First of all, get a house, and a woman and an ox for the plough--a slave woman and not a wife, to follow the oxen as well--and make everything ready at home, so that you may not have to ask of another, and he refuse you, and so, because you are in lack, the season pass by and your work come to nothing. Strabo: Geographia circa 550 BCE And the temple of Aphrodite [at Corinth] was so rich that it owned more than a thousand temples Slaves---prostitutes---whom both free men and women had dedicated to the goddess. And therefore it was also on account of these temple-prostitutes that the city was crowded with people and grew rich; for instance, the ship captains freely squandered their money, and hence the proverb, "Not for every man is the voyage to Corinth." Antiphon: On the Choreutes, c. 430 BCE So powerful is the compulsion of the law, that even if a man slays one who is his own chattel [i.e., his slave] and who has none to avenge him, his fear of the ordinances of god and of man causes him to purify himself and withhold himself from those places prescribed by law, in the hope that by so doing he will best avoid disaster. Demosthenes: Against Timocrates. c. 350 BCE If, gentlemen of the jury, you will turn over in your minds the question what is the difference between being a slave and being a free man, you will find that the biggest difference is that the body of a slave is made responsible for all his misdeeds, whereas corporal punishment is the last penalty to inflict on a free man. Aristotle: The Politics---On Slavery, c. 330 BCE Let us first speak of master and slave, looking to the needs of practical life and also seeking to attain some better theory of their relation than exists at present. Property is a part of the household, and the art of acquiring property is a part of the art of managing the household; for no man can live well, or indeed live at all, unless he be provided with necessaries. And so, in the arrangement of the family, a slave is a living possession, and property a of such instruments; and the slave is himself an instrument which takes precedence of all other instruments. The master is only the master of the slave; he does not belong to him, whereas the slave is not only the slave of his master, but wholly belongs to him.

Extent to Which Social Stratification Is Usefull and Inevitable in Society Essay

We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal. With these familiar words of the Declaration of Independence, the founders of America established social equality as a guiding principle. Yet for almost a century after the document was signed, slavery was common in much of the United States, and legal infringement of the rights of women and black Americans continued for almost two centuries. Today,the â€Å"Inalienable right† to â€Å"life,liberty,and pursuit of happiness† is still not equally awarded. For generations now there has been the American Dream of unlimited opportunities for all. The reality, however, has been closer to the underlying principle of the barnyard society in George Orwell’s ‘Animal Farm’: â€Å"All animals are equal,but some animals are more equal than others. † Therefore the essence of this paper is to critically discuss the extent to which social stratification is useful and inevitable in society. It will start off by providing definitions of technical terms. In order to arrive at a clear understanding of the subject under discussion,the concept of social stratification shall also be explained. In addition,the main systems involved in social stratification will be highlighted. Afterwards,the main subject matter will be discussed and in line with this,examples and theories that apply shall be given in support. Finally,a conclusion will be given. According to Harris and Scott (1997),social status is the position or positions occupied by individuals or groups of individuals in relationship to other groups or individuals in society. Each person occupies a great number of statuses and at the same time are continually changing. For example,one person may occupy the status of a husband,father,skilled worker and so on. However,the bottom line is that status can either be ascribed or achieved. Social mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups from one status in society to another . Since there are several dimensions to social standing or status,people are able to change position by gaining or losing wealth,prestige and power. Upward mobility refers to movement up the social ladder,or a gain in status;downward movement refers to a movement down the social ladder,or a loss of status. Upward and downward mobility,collectively is what is called vertical mobility,an example of this type of mobility is an individual being promoted from a secretarial position to a management position,hence moves from the lower class to the middle class. Another is the horizontal mobility,this refers to movement within a social class. This happens when an individual moves from one job to another job of same social ranking,for example,an accountant moves from one firm to another. Individuals can also have a higher social status than their parents,this is referred to as intergenerational mobility (Coser 1983). Social stratification is a system by which society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy. The word stratification is derived from the word ‘stratum’ which is a geographical word meaning a layer of rocks of which each layer lies between similar layers of different texture. Sociologists use the term to describe a hierarchical ordering of people or groups as though were arranged in horizontal layers,one above the other. It means that people exist in layers of prestige,power and wealth. It is a structural ranking of people that perpetuate unequal economic rewards and power in society. Social inequality is an inevitable result of social stratification in that certain groups of people stand higher in society,control scarce resources,yield power and receive special treatment. Therefore,a stratified society comprises of members who are either rich, poor, powerful, powerless, high or low (Kerbo and Harold 1991). Social stratification is universal except that it varies from society to society. This means that the hierarchical arrangement takes place in all societies in the world but the criteria used differs from society to society. This is so because every society has its own norms and values hence different culture. For instance,most African societies value marriage or family life while European or American societies encourage working towards the obtaining of wealth. The differences in values and culture differentiates a society from another. Subsequently,in some societies,age and sex are used as systems of social stratification. Nevertheless,the most commonly used include the caste,the class,the colourbar and the estate systems of social stratification. (Ibid). The caste system is also called the closed system of social stratification. In this system,social stratification is based on ascription. It is closed on the sense that birth alone determines one’s social destiny with no opportunity for social mobility based on individual effort. People in this system are ranked in a rigid hierarchy and It is more concerned with religious roles and rituals and is practiced in Hinduism and Indian societies. There are five groups of people in this system namely:the Brahmin,comprising of priests;the Kshatrya, comprising of landlords;the Vaisya,made up of farmers;the Saundra,who are the peasants and the least group being that of the Harijans or the untouchables. In addition,this system is characterized by endogamy. Meaning that marriage outside one’s group is not allowed (Maines and David ,1993). The class system is called the open system. This system is so open that people who gain schooling and skills may experience social mobility. This system was looked at and recognized by Karl Marx and Marx Weber in their Conflict theories. In this system,social mobility drives class distribution. Everyone is believed to be entitled to equal rights and social position,therefore it is based on achievement rather than ascription. In both the cast and class systems people remain unequal but the class system rests on talent,opportunity and effort unlike the caste system which is by birth. In the class system, careers are an issue of individual choice and not moral duty. Consequently,individual freedom is allowed in the selection of marriage partners. (Ibid). The colourbar is another system of social stratification,this system is based on skin colour or race. People in this system are arranged hierarchically on the basis of their skin colour. An example of a colourbar society is South Africa before its independence. There were four main categories of people in South Africa,they were hierarchically categorized as follows;at the top were the Whites,the Colourds,Asians and at the bottom,the Blacks. In addition,colourbar societies are characterized by high levels of segregation,slavery and racism (Goode ,1994). The last system of social stratification is the Estate system. This was a system created by law. Henceforth,laws provided clear distinctions between people. This system acknowledged only three categories of people in society. These were; the Nobles or landlords who owned land and means of production,the Clergy who were men of God and the Commons who worked on the farms of the Nobles in exchange for wages. (Ibid). Ordinarily,social stratification is inevitable in society because it is a characteristic of each and every society and not simply a mere reflection of individual differences. In all societies,people rarely control destinies but rather people’s lives are shaped by the prevailing system of social stratification. For example, children born in wealthy families enjoy better health, food, shelter, clothing, education and succeed in life and live well into old age than those born into poverty. Therefore, social stratification being part of society and not a reflection of personal talents and effort,is inevitable (Shapiro and Thomas, 1998). From the functional perspective,social inequality is both inevitable and necessary for allocating individuals to important social roles. The most persuasive argument for the functional theory of stratification was made nearly forty years ago by Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore. They contended that people are motivated to perform demanding or difficult roles through the unequal distribution of rewards. If surgeons did not have such high occupational prestige and incomes,Davis and Moore argued,not enough people would put up with the long years of training,life-and-death responsibilities or personal sacrifices that the surgeon’s role requires. On the other hand,Plumbers fulfill a social role that demands less effort and training,make less money and enjoy less prestige. Social inequality according to Davis and Moore is thus an unconsciously evolved device by which societies insure that the most important positions are conscientiously filled by the most qualified persons. Hence every society,no matter how simple or complex must posses a certain amount of institutionalized inequality (Coser ,1983). Further,the unequal distribution of power,prestige and wealth in society motivates individuals to aspire for significant jobs and to work hard and longer,leading to productivity in society. Because the significant jobs are limited,meritocracy is promoted in society. Meritocracy is simply the leadership by people based on quality abilities to do so,the term is derived from the word ‘merit’ which in this case is the quality of being particularly good at something and worth a social reward in terms of wealth ,power or,and prestige. Meritocracy implies excellence in the execution of services. The pursuit for meritocracy promotes equality in terms of opportunities and at the same time encourages inequality in rewards. For example,the zambian Ministry of Education only allows teachers with degrees to teach in high schools. As a result,teachers are compelled to advance their academic qualifications in order to be given a chance to work in such schools and for them to enjoy higher salaries. Because of this,pupils benefit quality education from highly qualified teachers. Societies that use meritocracy hold out rewards to develop the talents and encourage the efforts of everyone. In other words,a pure class system would be a meritocracy,rewarding everyone based on ability and efforts. Such societies would have extensive social mobility and varying social categories as individuals move up or down on the social ladder depending on their performance, (Ibid). Social stratification is necessary because it promotes a culture of corporation between people of the the same category. People tend to want to work together with those in the same position as them. For example,those who are underprivileged tend to work together in coming up with community initiatives for the betterment of their conditions (De Beer ,2000). While the functionalist perspective succeeds in explaining the importance of social stratification,several flaws are pointed out. Melvin (1953),argues that functional importance does not explain the high rewards certain people enjoy. Income and rewards seem to have little to do with functional contribution to society by the individual. For example,Hollywood actors earn millions more of dollars compared to Doctors and military personnel. Another critic is that it is impossible to say which social positions are more important than others. Which society would function better,the critics ask,one with no surgeons or one with no plumbers? Furthermore,it is quite possible that some unrewarded positions such as garbage collectors and ousewives contribute more to society than some highly rewarded positions like professional athletes and movie stars (Coser ,1983). Another critic is that,although societies reward individual achievements,it also allows families to transfer wealth and power from generation to generation. For example,the royal family in Swaziland ensures that its line of leadership is maintained by appointing only members of the royal family as supreme rulers of the nation. (Ibid) While functional theorists ar gue that inequality benefits the society as a whole,conflict theorists point out that it benefits some people more than others. According to this perspective, stratification exists because certain groups are able to exploit and dominate others through force or through traditional inherited privileges. Modern Marxists see classes as conflicting groups;rulers against ruled, haves against have nots. The conflict ideas depend heavily on the ideas of Marx and Weber. The dual contributed greatly to the study of social stratification. The scholars however had different views on social class and inequality. Karl Marx saw class as related to the means of production. Primarily,Marx viewed the structure of society in relation to major classes and the struggle between classes as the engine of change . According to Becker and Howard (1973:278),Marx defined class in terms of ownership of property, â€Å" ownership vests on a person with the power to exclude others from the property and use it for personal purposes. † In relation to property,there are two classes in society that Marx identified; the Bourgeoisie who own and control the means of production and the Proletariat who own labour and sell it to the bourgeoisie for a wage. According to Marx class is thus determined by property and not by income or status. Further,Marx saw the development of class conflict as confined to individual factories. Therefore,the maturing of capitalism,the growing disparity between life conditions of bourgeoisie and the proletariate as well as homogenization within each class, struggles become generalized across factories. Increasingly,class conflicts manifest at societal level. Hence, class consciousness is increased, common interests and policies are organized and the use of struggle for political power occurs. Classes become political forces. The distribution of political power is determined by power over production. Capital confers political power which the bourgeoisie use to legitimize and protect their acquired property and consequent social positions. The State business is that of the bourgeoisie. In other words, the state rule, power and its distribution are all in favor of the ruling class (Garfinkel and Harold,1967). Meanwhile, Marx Weber agreed with Karl Marx but added that social stratification is more complex and based on three factors that are inter-linked. These factors are;class which is a person’s economic position in society, based on birth and individual achievement. Weber differs from Marx in that he does not see this as the supreme factor in stratification. Weber noted how managers of corporations or industries control firms they do not own; Marx would have placed such a person in the proletariat. The other factor is status, this is a person’s prestige, social honor, or popularity in a society. Weber noted that political power was not rooted in capital value solely, but also in one’s individual status. Poets or saints, for example, can possess immense influence on society with often little economic worth. And lastly is the factor of power, which is a person’s ability to get their way despite the resistance of others. For example, individuals in state jobs, such as an employee of the Office of the President (O. P) or a Member of Parliament (M. P) may hold little property or status but they still hold immense power. Unlike Marx,Weber claimed there to be in fact four main classes: the upper class, the white collar workers, the petite bourgeoisie and the manual working class. Weber’s theory more-closely resembles modern western class structures. The conflict theory also takes a one-sided approach to stratification. One of its major shortcomings is that it fails to recognize that unequal rewards are based partially on differences in talent, skill and desire. Not everyone is suited for every social position in the social structure. Consequently,society must have some way to argue the proper individuals into positions that are vital to the smooth operation of society. In conclusion, this paper has critically discussed the extent to which social stratification is useful and inevitable in society. As is alluded by the functionalist theory and the Davis Moore thesis,it plays a vital part in the operation of society and as such has beneficial consequences as discussed. And as alluded by the conflict theory that it is not entirely beneficial to the society as a whole but provides advantages to some people at the expense of others,hence brings about exploitation and increase in inequality. Therefore,it can clearly be concluded that firstly social stratification is inevitable as it exists in every society and secondly that it is to some extent useful as well as not to another because it has its advantages and disadvantages.

Meaning of Instrumental Variables (IV) in Econometrics

In the fields of statistics and econometrics, the term instrumental variables  can refer to either of two definitions. Instrumental variables can refer to: An estimation technique (often abbreviated as IV)The exogenous variables used in the IV estimation technique As a method of estimation, instrumental variables (IV) are used in many economic applications often when a controlled experiment to test the existence of a causal relationship is not feasible and  some correlation between the original explanatory variables and the error term is suspected. When the explanatory variables correlate or show some form of dependence with the error terms in a regression relationship, instrumental variables can provide a consistent estimation. The theory of instrumental variables was first introduced by Philip G. Wright in his 1928 publication titled  The Tariff on Animal and Vegetable Oils but has since evolved in its applications in economics. When Instrumental Variables Are Used There are several circumstances under which explanatory variables show a correlation with the error terms and an instrumental variable may be used. First, the dependent variables may actually cause one of the explanatory variables (also known as the covariates). Or, relevant explanatory variables are simply omitted or overlooked in the model. It may even be that the explanatory variables suffered some error of measurement. The problem with any of these situations is that the traditional linear regression that might normally be employed in the analysis may produce inconsistent or biased estimates, which is where instrumental variables (IV) would then be used and the second definition of instrumental variables becomes more important. In addition to being the name of the method, instrumental variables are also the very variables used to obtain consistent  estimates using this method. They are exogenous, meaning that they exist outside of the explanatory equation, but as instrumental variables, they are correlated with the equations endogenous variables. Beyond this definition, there is one other primary requirement for using an instrumental variable in a linear model: the instrumental variable must not be correlated with the error term of the explanatory equation. That is to say that the instrumental variable cannot pose the same issue as the original variable for which it is attempting to resolve. Instrumental Variables in Econometrics Terms For a deeper understanding of instrumental variables, lets review an example.  Suppose one has a model: y Xb e Here y is a T x 1 vector of dependent variables, X is a T x k matrix of independent variables, b is a k x 1 vector of parameters to estimate, and e is a k x 1 vector of errors. OLS can be imagined, but suppose in the environment being modeled that the matrix of independent variables X may be correlated to the es. Then using a T x k matrix of independent variables Z, correlated to the Xs but uncorrelated to the es one can construct an IV estimator that will be consistent: bIV (ZX)-1Zy The two-stage least squares estimator is an important extension of this idea. In that discussion above, the exogenous variables Z are called instrumental variables and the instruments (ZZ)-1(ZX) are estimates of the part of X that is not correlated to the es.