Baby Boomer and Health Care free essay sample

The change with the aging population has never been so high as before. As the demographics of the aging populations continues to grow society will be seing thesome growing pains. The cause for the aging population is due to the amount of baby boomer in this generation . The term baby boomers are people who were born from 1947 to 1964. These people were born doing the post-world war II baby boom. The impact of the baby boomers will be mostly felt in healthcare. With the aging population most of the population most of them will depend on medicare to cover health concerns , which will imact everyone in the united state. The demographic of the aging pouplation will also create a demand for more health care professionals. They will more needs for geriatric experts including physical therapy, and mental helahtcare workers. Those are profession who will end up neededing workers in the near future and it will only expand even more. We will write a custom essay sample on Baby Boomer and Health Care or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The pupose of this paper is to dicuss the demographic impact of the aging population in Chicago illinios. The paper will dicuss The numbers related to the demographic population in Chicago Illinois. The impact of this demographic group on health care costs and services in Chicagds ommunity/region. The paper will discuss the major issues this population faces such as how will they pay for long-term care? What transportation is available and what other types of facilities are in their area?. and finally the paper will cover What is being done to ease the impact of the identified issue and future recommendations. demographic impact of the aging population in Chicago Illinios In the Chicago community balancing the budget is already difficult do to the current recession in over the next decades the cahlleges will get even worst the budget will become even larger. The first round of babboomers was eligible for retirement benefits social security in 2008 and will be eligible for medicare beginning of 2011. Managaging the budget efficiently should be a very important goal for law makers because later on most of the nation will be threaten. With the baby boomers becoming eligible for service such as social security, medicare and other government assistance . because of the aging population services will be cut for those who are not eligible for retirmane or medicare . government services will decrease because the federal government will face more challenges and a much higher budget. Cutting services in some regions in Illinois is going to increase the poverty rate. Regions such as the south side of Chicago over 50 percent of the population are relying on government assistance such as Medicaid,cash assistance, housing/shelters, WIC and Food assistance. With the aging population some of these services will be cut and the to be eligible for some of these service will become much more difficult. The impact of this demographic group on health care The healthcare field is definitely going to feel the the impact of the aging population. The number of healthcare professionals will decrease as they age and most of them find it challenging as some of their most reliable and knowledgeable employees are retiring. The aging of the population will greatly affect some of the skills and services the health care workforce must be equipped to provide, and the settings in which this care is provided. Theres already a shortage for healthcare professionals such as, Physicians, Nurses and other healthcare providers. The aging population is one of the cause for such shortages. With that beind said quality of care will worsen ecause not that many people is attending nursing school or medical school with the babyboomers retiring the healthcare workers who are left are going to be handling a work load of three nurses instead of one. One of the question often ask is who will take care of the aging population and who will pay for it. Older adults has more chances of getting ill, with health disease,and other chronic deseases. The aging population place more pressure on the Medicaid, medicare and pivate insures to contro healthcare cost. The federal government is know where near ready when it ome to fguring out the best way to care for the aging population. The aging population will aso reslt risng average paetin acuity, this will rewuire a higher nurse and physician staffing levels . it has beend said the future elderly may lower the disability rates than todays elderly controlling for age, that because it has been much of improvements in economic resources, medical technology education levels, public helath, lifestyle, and medical technology. The numbers related to demographic population in chicagos/region As the aging population know as the baby biimers move to retirement most of the opulation will skyrocket nationally not only in chiago Illinois the aging population was 12. 4 percent in 2000 by the year 2030 it will rise to 19. 7 percent that huge increase. In Illinois the aging puplation was 12. 1 percent in 2000; it is projected by 2030 it will become 18 percent. By the year 2050 seniors ages 85 and up will triple by the year 2050 nationwide which will cause nursing home impact.. The number of persons 60 years of age and older in the state of Illinois is expected to increase from 2 million today to over 3. 6 million by the year 2030. With the agingpopulation most of hem will end up having to receive long term care. Medicaid nursing home patients will continue to grow and the people paying for these baby boomers long-term care are working citixens. With that being said long-term care liabilities will increase even more. More seniors will start incorporating into community care program, and the cost to stay in the nursing home will increase. Metlife stated in 2006 to 20070n average a 3 percent increase in nursing homw cost by the year 2020 this number will triple. the aging population will not only impact citizens it will also impact state Medicaid, prescription drug, and aging programs. The aging population will cause high cost and higher demand of longterm/Medicaid, it will increase programs the Chicago region has for the elderly and loss of revenue because of senior tax breaks. The major issues the aging population faces One of the issues the aging population faces is not having enough resourseces or medical staff for care. With so many elderly on demand for care medical staff are going to be over worked which can lead to medical erros occurring. The weigh time enough supply to go around. Transportion will also be a major issue the aging opulation twill face specialy in the south side of Chicago half of the aging individuals are already without a vehicles. The Illinois department of aging report the major issues the aging population will face in Illinois is shortage of affordable housing, accessible housing, Longer wiat time for transportation pick up. They will face lack of Reliable and safe transportation. Most of the hospitals are far away from the south side of Chicago because of the high crime and violence i. b with hospital being so far away elderly will suffer and it may be to late by the time they make it to the hospital.

Free Essays on Grandfathers Love

A Grandfathers Love When your young you really don't think about death or anyone close to you dying. You just expect everything to always stay the same. When I was young I was never faced with death or the concept that someone important to me would leave. I have learned that many experiences in life can teach you. This experience is one of them. When I was seven years old my great grandfather was told that he had bone cancer. Of course I didn't know what that meant I just knew that he was very sick. He lived with my great grandmother in the Sequoia Mountains so I didn't live very close to him but emotionally I felt very close. About six months later my family and I went to visit for Thanksgiving. I walked in the front door of his house and saw him lying in his recliner. His face was pale white, and he looked so sick. Even the feeling of the room felt different. It didn't seem like the warm house that smelled of my great grandma's famous raisin bread. Instead it felt cold and smelled of vomit. This was the first time I realized how seriously sick he was. I always thought of him as being this strong super hero type but when I saw him lying there he looked so fragile and helpless. I was even afraid to give him a hug. Later the next day my aunt arrived from Texas to visit for Thanksgiving. My mom asked me if I could go outside for a while and I asked why and she told me that she needed to give my grandfather a bath. As soon as I walked out the door tears dripped down my cold face. He really was helpless. I walked for at least an hour just thinking. As I walked I found this perfect pinecone and decided to bring it home. I remember handing him the pinecone and saying, "since you can't go hiking anymore, I thought that I would bring the outdoors to you." That week I spent all my time with him. Sometimes I would read to him and sometimes he would read to me. We would watch old Elvis movies on TV all day because there was an Elvis maratho... Free Essays on Grandfather's Love Free Essays on Grandfather's Love A Grandfathers Love When your young you really don't think about death or anyone close to you dying. You just expect everything to always stay the same. When I was young I was never faced with death or the concept that someone important to me would leave. I have learned that many experiences in life can teach you. This experience is one of them. When I was seven years old my great grandfather was told that he had bone cancer. Of course I didn't know what that meant I just knew that he was very sick. He lived with my great grandmother in the Sequoia Mountains so I didn't live very close to him but emotionally I felt very close. About six months later my family and I went to visit for Thanksgiving. I walked in the front door of his house and saw him lying in his recliner. His face was pale white, and he looked so sick. Even the feeling of the room felt different. It didn't seem like the warm house that smelled of my great grandma's famous raisin bread. Instead it felt cold and smelled of vomit. This was the first time I realized how seriously sick he was. I always thought of him as being this strong super hero type but when I saw him lying there he looked so fragile and helpless. I was even afraid to give him a hug. Later the next day my aunt arrived from Texas to visit for Thanksgiving. My mom asked me if I could go outside for a while and I asked why and she told me that she needed to give my grandfather a bath. As soon as I walked out the door tears dripped down my cold face. He really was helpless. I walked for at least an hour just thinking. As I walked I found this perfect pinecone and decided to bring it home. I remember handing him the pinecone and saying, "since you can't go hiking anymore, I thought that I would bring the outdoors to you." That week I spent all my time with him. Sometimes I would read to him and sometimes he would read to me. We would watch old Elvis movies on TV all day because there was an Elvis maratho...

Systems, Process & Data Modeling Research Paper

Systems, Process & Data Modeling - Research Paper Example The paper tells that the last two decades of the twentieth century proved to be the advent of the Unified Modeling Language. The UML can be narrated as â€Å"a language for specifying, visualizing and constructing the artifacts of software systems, as well as for business modeling.† On lighter note, the UML is a graphical means of depicting the design models with respect to specific environments. Use Case Modeling is a subset of Unified Modeling Language. It can be narrated as a method whereby the requirements of the stakeholders can be incorporated into the system’s design. The functional requirements of an existing or proposed system are described in detail via use case modeling techniques. The process modeling is done in the early stages of system development. User input can be altered at every stage of development in a use case that is developed as a result of the execution of the modeling technique. The subsequent development stages are all based upon the use cases that are generated in the initiation. The components of a use case model are mainly actors and use cases. An Actor is any external interaction with the system. It may be a person or an entity that exchanges data with the system. An actor may also be a user of the system though all users are not necessarily actors. A use case is a series of steps that gets initiated when an actor interacts with the system under consideration. The goal that is achieved by use case modeling is the creation of a conceptual system regarding the observable behavior of the concerned system. This conceptual model is basically aimed at representing the real world scenario within the information system. The model also supports communication between the users and the developers of the system, enables better analytical understanding of the system and proves to be a point of initiation for the designers of the system. (Wand and Weber, 2002) PERFORMING USE CASE MODELING In a use case model a use case is represen ted by an ellipse while the actors interacting with it are symbolized using a stickman symbol. The notations being used for use case modeling are illustrated in the table below: Table 1: Showing grammatical constructs for Use Case Diagram Using the notations mentioned in Table 1 above a use case model can be easily assembled. How it is developed is demonstrated by taking the example of â€Å"Registration in a University.† The points to be considered when registering in a university course may be stated as follows: Are there any pre requisite courses for the course being selected for studying? Have the pre requisite courses been completed by the student attempting the course? Is the student a fee defaulter? Has the student registered in the maximum number of courses that can be registered in a month? The use cases that deal with these queries, resolve them and proceed towards the completion of the use case model are stated as follows: Class Registration Registration for Specia l Classes Prereq Courses not completed Student Billing Student Record These use cases are depicted as ellipses with their respective names stated underneath them. The actors interacting with this specific se case model are the Student, The registration personnel, the instructor and the Bursar’s Office. These actors are depicted by the symbol of a man. Any one of the actors initiates its respective use case. For example, the class registration use case can be initiated by the student or the registration clerk. The use case would first connect with the ‘pre requisite course not completed’ use case and check whether there are any pre requisite courses that need to be completed before the ‘to-be registered course’ or not. If the response is yes then the student’s record requires to be checked whether he has completed the pre requisite

Nursing articles on HIV Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nursing articles on HIV - Annotated Bibliography Example In this article he has discussed in detail that not human immunodeficiency virus is a virus that can be present not only in young people but is increasingly being present in older aged people. In this article a research has been shown which states that HIV positive cases in people over fifty years are dangerously raising and this particular trend have been extensively observed in UK and US. As human immunodeficiency virus is increasing in older aged people it is giving birth to a new challenge in the field of health care for nurses. It is definitely an extremely difficult task to handle aged patients. Through a research conducted in UK it has been concluded that nurses are facing an extremely difficult time handling the aged patients. The article then discusses that although it is a challenging task to handle aged patients but it is necessary that nurses must be trained such that they can handle all sorts of cases and provide every patient with high quality care, attention and devoti on. Nurses cannot neglect any patient or pay less attention towards any patient. It is her duty to pay equal and high quality care and attention towards each and every patient. In the article it has been clearly mentioned, the age of people who are referred to as aged. The article also explains that aged people are morally weak and they need more attention and care and it is the duty of nurses to provide them with such care. He has concluded by mentioning new researches that are being carried out for HIV patients and that more awareness needs to be created in nurses regarding health care roles. Walsh, E. C., Horvath, K. J., Fisher, H., & Courtenay-Quirk, C. (January 01,... This essay stresses that as human immunodeficiency virus is increasing in older aged people it is giving birth to a new challenge in the field of health care for nurses. It is definitely an extremely difficult task to handle aged patients. Through a research conducted in UK it has been concluded that nurses are facing an extremely difficult time handling the aged patients. The article then discusses that although it is a challenging task to handle aged patients but it is necessary that nurses must be trained such that they can handle all sorts of cases and provide every patient with high quality care, attention and devotion. Nurses cannot neglect any patient or pay less attention towards any patient. It is her duty to pay equal and high quality care and attention towards each and every patient. This paper declares that human immunodeficiency virus/ acquired immune deficiency syndrome are becoming an epidemic in most parts of the world. The articles discusses that through research it has been observed that in countries where the cases of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome were minimal in the past years, now are a place of rapidly increasing cases of HIV/ AIDS and in those countries where the cases of HIV/ AIDS were already high, human immunodeficiency virus have become an epidemic in those areas. Certain modifications were made in the policy so as to help the nurses to properly manage, interfere, and ink out the results of HIV rapid testing.

Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Case Study

Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation - Case Study Example Through its ardent thrust in being "The World's Local Bank," HSBC highlights its devotion in building mutually beneficial partnerships with customers worldwide regardless of their nationality, race, belief, and culture (HSBC 2007). Supporting the international bank's new positioning strategy is its quest in understanding and delivering customer needs. In order to know this, HSBC asserts: "To truly understand a country and a culture, you have to be a part of it" (HSBC Website 2007). Having numerous branches scattered globally, HSBC opts to personalize the services being offered by opening up local banks all over the world, which are manned by local people. In doing this, the company establishes a lasting relationship with the customer as the international bank provides its clients with bank personnel who shares the same culture, value, and situation with them making it relatively easy for them to understand and relate to each other. It should be noted that conflicts in values and clashes in culture can hamper the emergence of a good relationship with a bank and its clients. HSBC puts a strong emphasis in local knowledge and uses it as a competitive advantage in attracting and retaining customers. Being a local bank doesn't mean that a branch is isolated from the HSBC system. Each of the company's local bank shares the innovation and ideas in the network. All of these advancements are geared in providing customer satisfaction all over the world (HSBC Website 2007). 2) HSBC manages to attract and retain their customers very well on a global level. How do they manage to do this Link your answer to the way they advertise (to attract) and to Relationship Marketing, specifically the topic customer retention. Attracting and retaining customers has been in the core of HSBC's operation which is highlighted in the company's high retention of customers in the global market. HSBC's effort in attracting and retaining their customers is in part because of their effort in localizing the products and services that they offer. The international bank manages retain customer because of its customized services which are tailored specifically to each of its client's needs. Retaining customers has also been possible because of the company's investment in a customer relationship management database which can be accessed by bank personnel when dealing with a client. The use of customer relationship management allows the bank to record the profile of a customer together with his or her potential banking needs. With this, the international bank retains customer through the identification and provision of his financial needs. HSBC has been able to employ a more targeted marketing approach because of its knowledge of its customer. The company also allows customers to access their account through different means by maintaining an extensive ATM facility, website, and telephone (HSBC Website 2007). Customer retention is also made possible by the employment of personnel which are very much attuned to customers' satisfaction. HSBC's recognizes that its products have an intangible component which is the quality of service that its staff offers.

Hans Kelsen, The Pure Theory of Law Critique

Hans Kelsen, The Pure Theory of Law Critique Essay Title Hans Kelsen, The Pure Theory of Law its Method and Fundamental Concepts (1934) 4 Law Quarterly Review, 474 Critique Word Count 2000 words The Austrian philosopher and jurist named Han Kelsen proposed the Pure Theory of Law. According to Kelsen, the standard legal philosophies were marred with contamination of law with moral and political ideology, which was compounded by attempts to marry law with social sciences. Hence, both of these endeavours were an exercise in futility as they were riddled with flaws[1]. Thus, Kelsen proposed the Pure Theory of Law, which would avert attempts of reductionism of any form. It simply accommodates pure law in itself as it is founded on primary methodological principle. Given that the law is to be perceived as a normative/ standard practice, the usage of methodological reduction needs to be averted altogether. Reductionism was needed to be averted at all costs since law is needed to be divorced from nature and morality[2]. As per Kelsen, law is a system of norms. According to him, legal norms are devised by willed acts or in other case, the products of deliberate human action, contrary to moral norms dictated by God. Thus, the pure theory of law undertakes only human-based norms, as opposed to imaginary superhuman entities[3]. 1. The Theory of Positive Law The Pure Theory of Law is termed as theory of positive law. Hence, the theory is more so given in terms of formation of hierarchical laws commencing from basic norm. The remainder of the norms are associated by inferior norms, when one is contrasted with another[4]. 2. Laws and Morals The segregation of morals and law by Kelsen forms an essential component of theory of pure law. By its standards, the law needs to be divorced from political and moral influences. Hence, the law should be in its clear form, unaffected by moral and political undercurrents[5]. 3. Science and Law According to Kelsen, the law was described in form of implementation of norms to state machinery. As science was primarily based on comprehension of epistemological data, therefore, its causal and logical technique was to be differentiated from normative reasoning as given in pure theory of law[6]. 4. Static Nature of Law The static theory of law was differentiated from dynamic theory of law. However, this static theory of law presents law in terms of hierarchal laws where laws are deemed as inferior to one another[7]. 5. Dynamic Nature of Law In case of dynamic nature of law, the static theory of law comes toe-to-toe with governmental administration of a given state, which needs to acknowledge the function of legislature in penning of the new law. Simultaneously, an understanding of law being impacted by net standing law which encompasses the court-related decisions are enfolded in the hierarchical representation of pure theory of law. Hence, Kelsen allows legislative machinery to note law as a product of the ethical and political process[8]. 6. The Normativity of Law The normativity of law can be paralleled with that of religion, as it does not base on the inherent obedience of the concerned subjects. For instance, the norms of Christians would be held in validation even in the absence of Christians. However, it is hardly the case with law. The key implementation of law/ legal system banks on its actual practice. The legal order is defined by norms which are by and large effective. The element of basic norm rests on its effectiveness. As asserted by Kelsen, the successful revolution results in an eventual change in the nature of basic norm[9]. 7. The Basic Norm As per Kelsen, the law is an arrangement of norms. These norms are should be statements, setting up certain forms of conduct. Contrary to moral norms, as per Kelsen, the legal norms are set up by the legal norms creation of willed acts. It is a product of human action. Hence, Kelsen thoroughly supposed that law which entails ought and should be statements, is unable to be reduced to such natural actions/ events which gives impetus to it. As a result, legal norms are ought/ should be statements, since it is unable to be deduced simply from factual premises[10]. As per the claims of Kelsen, the law is simply the hierarchy of legal norms at different levels as opposed to being a system of coordinated norms of equalized level. When the legal norms are far from positive/ just, then legal order becomes problematic. As per Kelsen, no such norm exists which is predominantly unchallengeable. No such grand norm exists, since it is purely arbitrary in nature. This norm essentially came from competence, collective will and capacity of individuals. Thence, Kelsen has deployed this term in order to dictate the basic norm, which forms the pillar of the legal system. Hans reasoned that a need for pinpointing the origin of law is necessary in order to gain its legitimacy[11]. A pure proper law often differentiates the ought statement from is-statement. In case of is statement, when something is done/ not done is an indicator of action. In case of ought statement, when something is done/ not is an indicator of a greater form of reason needed for action. It involves obligation and discharge[12]. Hence, the key objective and motive of Hans Kelsen was to safeguard the sanctity of law from two major zones of methodological syncretism which a legal system often entails; sociology and psychology as well as politics and ethics on the other side. Law is to be deemed as a normative order. Kelsen has indicated that a key relation exists between validity and norms, however, he asserts that both are all the more dissimilar. An ineffective norm may lose its validity, similar to the legal order should have a key linkage to effectiveness, a key point postulated by Kelsen in discussing the basic norm[13]. According to Pure Theory of Law, positive law is defined as a valid order which is held only when the condition of basic norm is supposed. Thence, the theory characterizes this meaning as a possibility as opposed to being necessary. Hence, it becomes only as conditional when it is presupposed basic norm[14]. According to the categorical differentiation of ought and is, ought is unable to be reduced to is, and ought is unable to be an is. Thus, is is unable to be inferred from that ought, neither vice versa. The dual nature of ought and is does correlate with that of value and reality. Hence, no value could be can be obtained from reality, as well as vice versa.The next layer, that of rules, is the realm of Ought. It is visualized vertically. According to Kelsen, it deals with the legal meaning, namely, a specific legal significance. The Ought comes up to the actual substrate, the Is. Legal acts of the laws, judgments, the private law, e.g. private contracts, etc. constitute the Ought as a regulative background of the Is stage[15]. Hence, ought is related to imputation and is is connected with causality. The weight is on a vertical plane, whereas the is on a horizontal plane. The Pure Theory of Law exists on a metal-level and intends to attain cognition[16]. The strength of Pure Theory of Law lies in the provision of a theoretical law, which accommodates administrative and judicial tribunals along with legislative rigours of the legal system and administrative bodies. Pure Theory of Law confers power to subordinate administrators in order to devise a subordinate legal norm, and to indicate the nature of such norms. The Pure Theory of Law is devised for traceability of each legal act to be in line with the penned constitution[17]. It could be perceived as a handy analysis tool for assessment of numerous constitutions. Another advantage of this theory is that it presents an active legal order as opposed to a static one. Hence, the law remains orderly via maintaining fluency along most of its components, by simplifying and broadening the principles of law. It acts as a form of logical system. It could be theorised as a complete, proper logical system. The theory of Hans Kelsen is typical of all key law theories, which stringently emphasises the need of orderliness in law. It stresses highly on the value of law. However, it supports a new form of orderliness diverse from those given in judicial precedents[18]. The Pure Theory of Law has considerable flaws as examined in this section. It essentially precludes the elements of sociological justice and morality, which paves way for efficiency. This form of theory is unable to be applied to each legal system since each legal system operates with its own norms and rules. A man-made theory is unable to adjudicate the legal repercussions of a sudden change. The Pure Theory of Law posited by Kelsenian theory is largely criticized since conceptual and abstract theory is unable to accommodate the validity of standard laws encompassing the legal system[19]. Each particular legal system sets its own rules and boundaries founded on their validity. The theory seems steeped in fiction as it is largely applicable on fictitious situations and it has no particular grounds for acceptance in reality. No such theory can be applied to a legal system since each possesses its own hierarchical order and norms. Conflicts arises in case of multiple legal systems. Due to its excessively narrowed scope, it is unable to accommodate altering circumstances and conditions posited by the law. The theory is invalidated on revolutionary grounds, however, no particular effectiveness criterion is set up either[20]. Since, Hans has compared the purity and objectivity of his posited theory with ideological and political propensities of his previous theories, it merely turns out to be a mere inadequate reflection on his previous assertions. It is necessary to reflect on personal consideration and prejudices prior to positing an individual world-view. Therefore, it can be reasonably assumed that theory of Kelsen is far from political and ideological purity. Hans Kelsen remains unsure of the norm to be established and its source of emergence. At times, he seems to posit that this norm will emerge from the constitution, in other cases, he hangs by a legal shoestring and sometimes by the laws presented by a dictator. Thus, his supposed norm remains ambiguous. As the legal system is founded on moral principles, it is guided and steeped in morality. The divorce of morality from law is essentially legal suicide. His theory is unable to validate moral law since each present law accommodates morality in it s confines[21]. References   Bulygin, E. An Antimony in Kelsens Pure Theory of Law. Ratio Juris 3, no. 1 (2010): 29-45. Cohen, H. Kelsens Pure Theory of Law. Cath. Law. 26 (2011): 147. Harris, JW. Legal philosophies. (1997). Hart, HLA. Kelsens Doctrine of the Unity of Law. (2008). Kelsen, H,   Paulson, BL and Paulson, SL. Introduction to the problems of legal theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006. Kelsen, H. General theory of norms. (2012). Paulson, SL. The weak reading of authority in Hans Kelsens pure theory of law. Law and philosophy 19, no. 2 (2009): 131-171. Vinx, L. Hans Kelsens pure theory of law: legality and legitimacy. Oxford University Press, USA, 2007. [1] Cohen, Henry. Kelsens Pure Theory of Law. Cath. Law. 26 (2011): 147. [2] Vinx, Lars. Hans Kelsens Pure theory of law: legality and legitimacy. Oxford University Press, USA, 2007. [3] Bulygin, Eugenio. An Antimony in Kelsens Pure Theory of Law. Ratio Juris 3, no. 1 (2010): 29-45. [4] Cohen, Henry. Kelsens Pure Theory of Law. Cath. Law. 26 (2011): 147. [5] Harris, James William. Legal philosophies. (1997). [6] ibid [7] Hart, Herbert LA. Kelsens Doctrine of the Unity of Law. (2008) [8] Ibid [9] Hart, Herbert LA. Kelsens Doctrine of the Unity of Law. (2008) [10] Cohen, Henry. Kelsens Pure Theory of Law. Cath. Law. 26 (2011):147. [11] Hart, Herbert LA. Kelsens Doctrine of the Unity of Law. (2008) [12] ibid [13] Hart, Herbert LA. Kelsens Doctrine of the Unity of Law. (2008) [14] Kelsen, Hans, Bonnie Litschewski Paulson, and Stanley L. Paulson. Introduction to the problems of legal theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006. [15] Ibid [16] Bulygin, Eugenio. An Antimony in Kelsens Pure Theory of Law. Ratio Juris 3, no. 1 (2010): 29-45. [17] Cohen, Henry. Kelsens Pure Theory of Law. Cath. Law. 26 (2011): 147. [18] Kelsen, Hans. General theory of norms. (2012). [19] Kelsen, Hans, Bonnie Litschewski Paulson, and Stanley L. Paulson. Introduction to the problems of legal theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006. [20] Cohen, Henry. Kelsens Pure Theory of Law. Cath. Law. 26 (2011): 147. [21] Paulson, Stanley L. The weak reading of authority in Hans Kelsens pure theory of law. Law and philosophy 19, no. 2 (2009): 131-171.

Elizabeth I :: essays research papers fc

Elizabeth I King Henry VIII changed history in order to marry Anne Boleyn, hoping she could give him a son to be his heir. He already had a daughter, Mary, by his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, a princess of Spain, whom he divorced. The Pope would not allow the divorce, so Henry declared himself the Head of the Church of England, and disallowed any power the Pope might hold on English religion. On September 7, 1533 in Greenwich Palace, Anne had a daughter, who was named Elizabeth. A few years later, Henry accused Anne of incest, which historians agree was probably untrue - but Anne was beheaded in May 1536, and Elizabeth, not even three years old, was sent to live with relatives so she wouldn't remind Henry of Anne. Henry had remarried Jane Seymour, who gave birth to Henry's son, Edward, later to be Edward VI, but died soon afterwards. Catherine Parr, Henry's sixth and final wife, brought Elizabeth and Mary back to court. As the Dowager Queen, she moved away from court and left the ruling of the country to Edward VI, who was still a young boy. Edward Seymour (young Edward's uncle) became Lord Protector of England. Elizabeth went with Catherine, but left after an incident with Catherine's new husband, Thomas Seymour, and rumors of the time suggested that Catherine caught them kissing, or perhaps even in bed together. Catherine died soon after Elizabeth's departure. Young King Edward was always sickly, and came down with consumption, or tuberculosis. It seemed that he would die too young to have a child to be his heir, and it became a dangerous time for Princess Elizabeth. She was Henry's daughter, she was in Henry's will as an heir, she was in line for the throne and so was a target of many marriage proposals. Thomas Seymour asked Elizabeth to marry him, but she refused. However, both were suspected of plotting against Edward. Elizabeth was not questioned, but Seymour was arrested and eventually executed for treason after an attempt to kidnap the young king. Elizabeth, upon hearing of the Lord Admiral's death, was marked as saying "Today died a man of much wit, and very little judgment." Edward's declining health began a movement of Protestants who did not want Mary, a Catholic, to gain the throne. Lady Jane Grey, a descendant of Henry's sister Mary, was also considered a possible heir. When Edward died in 1553, Jane was proclaimed Queen by her father and father-in-law, but more people supported Mary.